artifacts are ubiquitous and influential in our world, but their nature and existence are controversial. Several theories have been proposed to explain the ontology of artifacts. Drawing on Popper's theory of three worlds, this paper suggests a metaphysics for artifacts along the line of a critical rationalist (CR) approach. This theory distinguishes between three realms of reality: the physical world (World 1), the mental world (World 2), and the world of objective knowledge (World 3). The paper argues that artifacts have different ontological components that correspond to these three realms, and that each component is real and causal. The paper shows how this perspective can account for the intentional and functional aspects of artifacts, as well as their dependence on plans that influence different realms of reality. The paper explains how this pluralistic ontology, compared to the rival theories, enables one to explain the relevant ontological problems of artifacts. The paper also explores how this proposal can lead to a research program encompassing a broader range of technologies, such as social artifacts. In sum, the paper suggests that Popper's three worlds theory provides a rich and comprehensive framework for understanding the metaphysics of artifacts.

A 74-year-old woman was referred to the glaucoma unit for pseudoexfoliative glaucoma. Upon presentation, visual acuity in both eyes was 20/30. Intraocular pressure was 18 mmHg in the right eye and 20 mmHg in the left eye with latanoprost eye drops. Ophthalmoscopy revealed a cup-disc ratio of 0.7 with superior neural rim notching in the right eye and concentric cup-disc ratio of 0.6 in the left eye. She underwent central 24-2 automated perimetry with the Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer (HVFA II, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, USA) using the SITA-fast program. Although she was instructed before the test, she was unable to respond to the early stimuli efficiently which was reflected in lower threshold values for initial test points. The reliability indices were within normal limits except for higher than normal fixation loss. On repeat visual field testing, reliability indices were within normal limits and thresholds of the four areas with poor sensitivity improved and the artifact disappeared (Fig. 1)….

We review the many causes of motion artifacts in biopotential recording. We moved several electrode materials at several velocities in electrolytes. artifact voltage ranged from 350 μV at 0.13% NaC1 concentration and 100 mm/s to 10 mV at 1.3% concentration and 25 mm/s. We present a theoretical model in which adsorbed ions attach to the electrode. Ions in the diffusion layer move with the electrolyte. This separation of charge causes the artifact. A second source of motion artifact is cable movement. This causes the polarization potential of the electrodes to have a varying attenuation because the stray capacity of the electrode varies. Experimental and theoretical artifacts ranged from 1 to 100 mV. artifact is reduced by using electrodes having large area, electrolytes having high concentration, amplifiers having high impedance, and preamplifiers located at the electrodes.

Background/Objective: To determine the usefulness of twinkling artifact in detecting urinary stones by sonography according to stone characteristics and sonographic features.Patients and Methods: A prospective study was conducted on 60 urinary stones which had been detected by KUB, IVP or CT scan. First of all, gray scale sonography was performed using 3.5-5 MHz phased array and data including stone size, location and posterior shadow were registered. Then, presence or absence of twinkling artifact and its intensity with re-spect to different filters (0-3), pulse repetition frequencies (PRF) (244, 1563, and 4864 Hz), and focal zones (at the level of the stone, lower and higher) was assessed using color Doppler sonography. Finally and in the case of artifact presence, spectral Doppler sonographywas performed. For data analysis, c2 and independent t test was used .Results: The prevalence of twinkling artifact was 78.3%. artifact presence in a PRF value of 1563 Hz was significantly related to the echo difference between stone and adjacent tissues (p= 0.001).Conclusion: The above findings together with the fact that twinkling artifact was strongly present in more than half the cases, indicates the sufficiency in detecting urinary stone

After Badiozaman Hamedani wrote his picaresques book, many writers to follow his after him, began to write Picaresque that the style of all Badiozaman’ picaresques are seen in all of them.Then Zamkhashry, prominent scientists uses from public attention to technical prose and picaresque rhymed and write the book “Almaqamat” and other than using various literary arrays in rhymed prose, uses his verbal Treasure and writing skills up to Instead of teaching cunning and begging ways to pay to moral respects and human high traits. Unlike other picaresques, Zamkhashry’s picaresques neither have the narrator nor the events that take place.These picaresques are free from jest and humor and its styles instead of the story, is the aphorism. Zamkhashry himself has been described his picaresques, and method of his writing style has impressed some of Picaresque writers after his.

Using function notation is very common in science and technology. The vast use of Function notation prompts philosophical analysis to investigate it and brings upon many theories that try to explain this concept. Most of these investigations consider Function notation usage in natural sciences, especially in biology, and they either neglect or disregard this concept in the Technological domain. The main consideration of this paper is Use-plan based function theory (or more commonly known as “ ICE Theory” ) which is built primarily for the technical domain. In the beginning, the paper presents a short historical review of the development of function theories. Then, the usual problems of some of these theories in the technology realm are mentioned; and as a result, the motivations for developing a theory of function which is appropriate for the technology domain are described. Origin and foundation of The ICE theory is a theory about Using and Designing of technical artifacts, which is described briefly and suitable for needs of our argument in this article. The main method in this paper and for assessing function theories is, comparing these theories with the intuitions regarding artifacts in particular and technology in general. Then for evaluating function theories, four standards (or four intuitions) are introduced. Moreover, three general technical function theories are introduced. It is shown that each of these theories fails to meet at least one of these criteria. Finally, after presenting a formulation of the ICE theory, it is shown that this theory is consistent with the intuitions presented and has a comparative advantage over the other three theories.

Introduction: The image quality of computed tomography (CT) can be seriously lowered by metal implants of patients. These implants are known to exert a significant impact on diagnostic accuracy due to artifacts. The current study aimed to assess the usefulness of Metal artifact Reduction (MAR) software in the reduction of metal artifacts, in comparison to iterative reconstruction algorithm (IDREAM). Material and Methods: Water phantom with raw chicken leg underwent CT scan (Sinovision, Insitum 16) before (reference group (GPref) and after metal implantation: ((GPA (IDREAM without MAR) and GPB (IDREAM with MAR)). A total number of 30 patients [GP1 (instrumented spine (n=15)), GP2 (Brain clips (n=15))] underwent CT scan (Sinovision, Insitum 16). GP1 and GP2 were reconstructed using two procedures including IDREAM without MAR vs. 2: IDREAM with MAR. All images were evaluated using subjective and quantitative assessment. Results: In subjective image quality assessment, the scores of MAR images were higher than IDREAM images (P<0. 05) as indicated by four radiologists. The absolute CT difference (Δ CT) and artifact index (AI) demonstrated that MAR appeared to be superior for the reduction of metal artifacts (P<0. 05). Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, MAR software can be efficiently used for metal artifact reduction in computed tomography (instrumental spine and brain clips).